This thesis presents the development of a robotic platform for freshwater analysis (MARP―FG) and discusses the findings of three examples of application. The related scientific studies investigated the spatial and temporal dynamics of (1) dissolved oxygen (DO) in a temperate lignite pit lake and (2) of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes at the air-water interface at a selection of waterbodies in Germany (temperate climate: freshwater reservoirs and lignite pit lakes) and Brazil (humid tropical climate: floodplain lakes, fishponds, and a freshwater reservoir), covering a range of different hydrochemical conditions. Trophic state was the key influencing factor for GHG dynamics, both at the temperate and tropical waterbodies. In the temperate lignite pit lake studied for DO dynamics, DO consumption varied considerably with space, translating to differences in potential ion inputs from the sediment under reducing conditions. Hence, in both GHG and DO analysis, the high-resolution data obtained with the novel robotic platform revealed considerable spatial variability, indicating the benefit of mobile, automatic measurements in limnological studies.